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07:21:00
After tribal kingdoms, the existence of oriental empire started. Such states were established mostly at riverside or in valleys. For instance the well-known states of river Nile, Euphrates and Tigris, Ganges and Yamuna have become a part of history.
 
   The bigger empires of Maurya and Gupta in India, whereas in Egypt, Iraq, Iran and china not only the bigger empires established but for  a long term their state affairs continued because these areas possessed fertile lands and where there is fertility no state will be early agreeable to leave that place. Due to this reason such empires continued for a long time. There were the two main features of these states.
  • Monarch
  • Complete civil obedience
   In ancient time due to these empires, people become obedient and law abiding. People completely obeyed their king whereas no freedom was given to the people. These monarchs showed their intimidating influence to the public, therefore such empires were not actually united and stable. The civil war used to begin whenever the power of the king became weak or he died. On the basis of these causes such empires were ended.
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07:27:00


It is very difficult to say about from which area or territory of the world the existence of a state took place. It is estimated that almost seven to eight thousand years ago when on the basis of family relations many families together form tribes and selected their chief. Likewise in different parts of the world various tribes along with their chiefs began to dwell.
 
            As the people of these tribes were usually following their customs and traditions strictly therefore these customs and traditions converted into constitutional form. That is why it is said that in the past ages most of the orders consisted on customs and traditions. In the beginning the people of a tribe obeyed their chief without any objection. Well, whether customs and traditions, chief or any law, the hot or cold weather or deficiency of food made the travel from one place to another. When these tribes began to accommodate permanently at a place, they achieved the status of a state. In ancient times such tribal kingdoms were established in many parts of the world.
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05:02:00



 
The state control is increasing strongly over societies and economics since 19th and 20th century. This increase and solidity/firmness has proved that very soon this state system will adopt the universal shape. In the past centuries the states were beginning by tax and military authorities. Afterwards more postal services, civil police, water authorities and school system was also included. Then after a short time central bank and various financial departments were seemed to be increasing. Likewise public health, social security, insurance, public transport and many other benefits were gained by the people.
  This is the reason today’s state system is a solid system in fact organized as well as complicated. The form of this system appeared not only due to any agreement, power or extension of families but it appeared in the form of various nations and events which took place during thousands of years ago. This system retains a position of a department in the present age due to which more departments came into being. Due to their evolution following states are worth mentioning in the human history.
  • Tribal dynasties
  • Oriental empire
  • Civilian state of Greece
  • Roman kingdom
  • Feudal states
  • National states
   This fact should be remembered that this system has reached on this position not only due to the role played by above mentioned states but the historical ideologies and philosophy of various personalities are also included.
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07:35:00


Beside history, geographic affect is also included in redeploying or fixing the expansion and boundaries of a state. An area would be such that contains the advantages and facilities of fertile land, natural resources, minerals, rivers, mountains, forest, beaches, simple defensive borders etc. It will be difficult to establish a state in an area which is deserted or glacial. This is the cause for which there is no state founded in the north or South Pole. The states in barren land are not durable. Fertile land and riverine valleys are always proved to be suitable for establishing a state. For example river Nile in Egypt, Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq,  river Indus in Pakistan river Ganges and Jumna are those rivers at the banks of which states are always remained. The rivers have proved to be very helpful in forming strong riverine states. For example the island of Britain and Japan being surrounded by water have become strong states. The Himalaya mountain ranges have separated the Ind-Pak subcontinent and separate states have been founded.
Not only the issue of army and difference arises while fixing the boundaries of states but international and constitutional problems also occur. The redeploying of boundaries is done by landmarks .If any river flows between the two states then the mid of the river is said to be the border .If there are mountains between the states, then according to the flowing of rain the borders are fixed on the peak of mountains. Before the invention of air planes there was no airspace but today after the invention of air planes the skyward i.e. airspace has been imagined up to the sky
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04:25:00


A state does not come into being on the basis of only population and area ,unless people living in an area are not either politically organized nor have any government cannot form a state. State affairs are performed through government. There are various departments of government which carry on different types of tasks such as formation of laws and then their implementation.
     
  Different types of government existed in the past and even today various types of governments exist e.g. democratic, federal and presidential.The type or form of government depends upon the political views, ideologies and specific situation of the people of that country. Government can be of any type, its first duty is to maintain peace in the country, provides lives and wealth protection, defense the country against external attacks and fulfills the international responsibilities very well.



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